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Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic, Rodent-borne disease caused by the Lassa virus. It is mainly endemic in the Sub-regions of West Africa, including Nigeria due to the predominance of the zoonotic host in the region. Treatment options in Nigeria presently are limited and mortality rate is also high, due to lack of an approved preventive Vaccine, with Ribavirin being the major therapy for now. Our analytical findings unveiled that the genetic diversity among the different strains of Lassa fever has the ability to circumvent the immune system and this poses a critical challenge to the development of therapeutics for the disease. Hence understanding the biochemical mechanism of host immune invasion by the virus and its genetic polymorphism is key in the development of more effective therapeutics to combat this deadly virus, especially now that recent reviews have identified the Lassa fever Nucleoprotein (which functions in several aspects of the viral life cycle) as a novel target for therapeutics. Moving forward, Lassa fever Nucleoproteins inhibitors inhibitors can be employed as effective therapeutics to potentially inhibit the disease replication. Effective preventive measures, vaccine development, Repurposing of existing drugs using activity or in silico-based and computational bioinformatics, would be critical in the development of novel therapeutics for Lassa fever treatment.

Co-infection with both HIV and malaria presents a complex medical challenge, particularly concerning hematocrit variations that often result in anemia in affected individuals. This comprehensive review aims to explore and synthesize existing literature to elucidate the multifaceted nature of hematocrit alterations observed in HIV patients concurrently infected with malaria. The pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to hematocrit variations in this co-infected population involve a complex interplay between the immunosuppressive effects of HIV and the hemolytic nature of malaria parasites. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Diagnostic challenges abound due to overlapping symptoms and limitations in conventional diagnostic tools, necessitating the exploration of more advanced diagnostic methodologies to accurately assess and monitor hematocrit levels in co-infected individuals. The clinical implications of hematocrit variations in this context extend beyond mere anemia, impacting disease severity, treatment response, and the overall prognosis of affected patients. Anemia complicates therapeutic interventions, potentially affecting the efficacy of antiretroviral and antimalarial treatments. Persistent anemia in co-infected individuals increases vulnerability to opportunistic infections and compromises treatment outcomes, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive management strategies. These strategies encompass a holistic approach involving antiretroviral therapies, antimalarial drugs, nutritional support, and potential interventions such as blood transfusions in severe cases. In conclusion, this review consolidates current knowledge, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate the nuances of hematocrit variations in HIV patients co-infected with malaria. Improved understanding, enhanced diagnostic modalities, and optimized management strategies are crucial to mitigate the impact of anemia and improve outcomes in this vulnerable patient population.

Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) plays a crucial role in ensuring a HIV-free start for newborns born to HIV-positive mothers. This review highlights the significance of EID in pediatric HIV care, emphasizing its role in timely identification of HIV infection, prevention of morbidity and mortality, facilitation of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs, reduction of HIV transmission, and promotion of long-term health outcomes. Despite its importance, EID faces challenges such as limited access to testing services and logistical constraints. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening health systems and leveraging innovative approaches to expand access to EID services. Investing in EID programs is essential for achieving global HIV elimination targets and advancing towards an AIDS-free generation.